KENTUCKY DERBY WINNER SHUT OUT HORSE RACING PHOTO VINTAGE SARATOGA 1943

Description: 1943 SHUT OUT HORSE RACING PHOTO KENTUCKY DERBY WINNER VINTAGE SARATOGA AN ORIGINAL 7X9 INCH 1943 PHOTO OF SHUT OUT (FORMER KENTUCKY DERBY WINNER) ROMPING TO FINISH LINE AT SARATOGA Shut Out- 1942 Winner of Kentucky Derby and Belmont Shut Out (February 27, 1939 – April 23, 1964) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.Contents1 Background2 Racing career3 Stud record4 Pedigree5 References6 External linksBackgroundShut Out was a chestnut stallion sired by Hall of Famer Equipoise, the multiple stakes-winning champion his fans called "The Chocolate Soldier." Shut Out was bred by Greentree Stable in Lexington, Kentucky, owned by Mrs. Payne Whitney (Helen Hay Whitney), who had also bred his dam, Goose Egg, by the French stallion Chicle.Racing careerThe year Shut Out was born, Greentree Stables also produced top runner Devil Diver, who beat Shut Out in the 1941 Hopeful Stakes for 2-year-olds. Hall of Fame conditioner John Gaver, training for Greentree, gave Eddie Arcaro his choice of Kentucky Derby mounts: Devil Diver or Shut Out. Arcaro chose Devil Diver, who came in sixth. Shut Out, under jockey Wayne D. Wright, won the race. Arcaro switched mounts for the Belmont Stakes, riding Shut Out to victory.Shut Out's other main rival that year was Alsab, 1941's U.S. Champion Two-Year-Old Colt. Alsab also took 1942's three-year-old honors. Yet Shut Out came close to winning the 1942 Triple Crown, losing the Preakness Stakes to Alsab while finishing fifth after a troubled trip. He also won the prestigious Travers Stakes, again under Arcaro. Shut Out held a 3 to 2 margin over Alsab when Alsab finished fourth in his career finale, while Shut Out was third in an overnight handicap in 1944.Stud recordShut Out died in 1964 after a respectable career at stud, siring a number of stakes winners for Greentree such as One Hitter.PedigreePedigree of Shut Out, chestnut stallion, foaled February 27, 1939[1]SireEquipoisechestnut 1928 Pennantch. 1911 Peter Panb. 1904 CommandoCinderellaRoyal Roseb. 1894 Royal HamptonBelle RoseSwingingch. 1922 Broomstickb. 1901 Ben BrushElfBalancoire IIb. 1911 MeddlerBallantraeDamGoose Eggbay 1927 Chicleb. 1913 Spearmintb. 1903 CarbineMaid of the MintLady Hamburg IIdkb/br. 1908 HamburgLady FrivolesOvalch. 1921 Fair Playch. 1905 HastingsFairy GoldOlympiab. 1911 Rock SandOrienta (Family 16-g) The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. Belmont Park is known as "The Championship Track" because nearly every major American champion in racing history has competed on the racetrack. Belmont Park, with its large, wide, sweeping turns and long homestretch, is considered one of the fairest racetracks.[1] It is a 1.5-mile-long (2.4 km) horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds (57 kg); fillies carry 121 pounds (55 kg). The race, nicknamed The Test of the Champion, and The Run for the Carnations, is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record (which is also a track and world record on dirt) of 2:24. The attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top-attended events. The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew a television audience of 21.9 million viewers, and had the highest household viewing rate since 1977 when Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown.[2] The 150th Belmont Stakes took place on Saturday, June 9, 2018. Justify won the race and became the second horse in four years to win the Triple Crown. Contents1History1.11868–1929: Early years1.21930–2000: Evolution of the Triple Crown series1.32001–present: Recent years2Distance and race details3Traditions4Broadcasting history5Records6Trivia7Fillies in the Belmont8Foreign-born winners9Winners10See also11Further reading12Notes13References14External linksHistory1868–1929: Early yearsSee also: Belmont Park August Belmont Trophy, presented annually to the winning owner since 1926.The first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx, built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome (1817–1891) and financed by August Belmont Sr. (1816–1890), for whom the race was named. The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win, while the following year was won by General Duke.[3] The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890, when it was moved to the nearby facility, Morris Park Racecourse.[4] The 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York: it was eventually rescheduled for November 2.[5] The race remained at Morris Park Racecourse until the May 1905 opening of the new Belmont Park, 430-acre (1.7 km2) racetrack in Elmont, New York on Long Island, just outside the New York City borough of Queens.[4] When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State, Belmont Racetrack was closed, and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912.[6] The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton, in 1919, before the series was recognized as such.[7] In 1920, the Belmont was won by the great Man o' War, who won by 20 lengths, setting a new stakes and American record.[8] Starting in 1926, the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy. The owner may keep the trophy for one year, and also receives a silver miniature for permanent use.[4] 1930–2000: Evolution of the Triple Crown seriesMain article: Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930, but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat. Sir Barton was then honored retroactively.[9] Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes, and then the Belmont Stakes. Prior to 1931, the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times. On May 12, 1917 and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day. On eleven occasions, the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes.[10] The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby, which is always held on the first Saturday in May. The Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later; and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness (five weeks after the Derby). The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1, and the latest is May 7; the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5, and the latest is June 11.[11] Assault, winner of the 1946 Triple CrownIn 1937, War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2:28 3/5.[12] In the 1940s, four Triple Crown winners followed: Whirlaway in 1941, Count Fleet in 1943, Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948. Count Fleet won the race by a then-record margin of twenty-five lengths.[13] He also set a stakes record of 2:28 1/5, a record tied by Citation. In 1957, the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2:26 3/5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways.[14] The Belmont Stakes race was held at Aqueduct Racetrack from 1963 to 1967, while the track at Belmont was restored and renovated. The largest crowd of the 20th century was in 1971 with over 80,000 people, supplemented by the city's Latino community, there to cheer on their new hero, Cañonero II, the Venezuelan colt who had won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was poised to win the U.S. Triple Crown. However, due to a foot infection that had bothered the horse for several days, Cañonero II failed to win the Triple Crown when he struggled across the finish line in 4th place behind Pass Catcher, ridden by Walter Blum. Despite this loss, Cañonero II was named the winner of the first Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Male Horse.[15] On June 9, 1973, Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty-one lengths in a record time of 2:24, becoming a Triple Crown champion, ending a 25-year gap between Citation, the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948. Secretariat's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for 1½ miles on the dirt.[16] In 1977, Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated. Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century, taking the Belmont Stakes in 2:26 4/5 on June 10, 1978. Ridden by eighteen-year-old Steve Cauthen, Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle. At the time the race was the third-slowest start and the third-fastest finish with the quarter in 25, the half in 50, 3/4 in 1:14, the mile in 1:37 2/5.[17] In 1988, Secretariat's son Risen Star won the Belmont in 2:26 2/5, then the second-fastest time in the history of the race. The next year, Easy Goer lowered the mark for second-fastest time to 2:26. Easy Goer also holds a Beyer Speed Figure of 122 for the race, the best of any Triple Crown race since these ratings were first published in 1987.[18] 2001–present: Recent years The crowd packs the facility when a Triple Crown is on the lineFor three years in a row, horses came to the Belmont Stakes with a Triple Crown on the line only to fail. In 2002, Belmont Park hosted what was then the largest crowd in its history when 103,222 saw War Emblem lose to longshot Sarava after stumbling at the start. In 2003, 101,864 watched Funny Cide finish third behind Empire Maker. In 2004, the attendance record was shattered when 120,139 people saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone.[19] In 2007, Rags to Riches became the first filly to win the race since Tanya in 1905. Three more failed Triple Crown bids followed: in 2008, Big Brown lost to Da' Tara; in 2012, I'll Have Another was withdrawn due to injury; and in 2014, California Chrome was beaten by Tonalist. This fueled debate about whether the series needed to be changed, for example by lengthening the period between races.[20] American Pharoah won the 2015 race, becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years. The crowd that year was limited for the first time, to 90,000.[21] His time of 2:26.65 was the sixth-fastest in Belmont Stakes history, and the second-fastest time for a Triple Crown winner.[22] In 2018, Justify became the 13th Triple Crown winner and only the second horse to do so while undefeated.[23] Distance and race detailsThe Belmont Stakes has been run at a mile and a half since 1926, having been run at that distance in 1874–1889. The race has also been run at the following distances: a mile and five furlongs in 1867–1873; a mile and a quarter in 1890–1892, 1895, and 1904–1905; a mile and a furlong in 1893–1894; and a mile and three furlongs from 1896–1903 and 1906–1925. The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added,[24] meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees. This made the total purse $2,500, with the winner receiving $1,850. The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties, from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox's take of $66,040 in 1930. Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression, with War Admiral earning only $28,020 in 1937, then began to recover. Throughout the sixties and early seventies, the value to the winner was roughly $100,000, depending on the added money generated by entry fees (larger fields thus leading to higher prize money). The purse was repeatedly raised in the eighties and nineties, reaching $500,000 added, with the winner receiving roughly $400,000.[3] In 1998, the purse was changed to $1,000,000 guaranteed, with the winner receiving $600,000. In 2014, the purse was raised to $1,500,000.[25] With one exception, the race has been run at a level weight of 126 pounds (with a 5-pound allowance for fillies) since 1900. The 126 pounds comes from the English Classics, where the standard weight is 9 stone, with one stone equaling 14 pounds. In 1913, the Belmont was run as a handicap with the winner carrying only 109 pounds compared to the runner-up carrying 126 pounds. Races run prior to 1900 had varied weight conditions.[3] The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont, in 1880. Before 1921, the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing. Since then, the race has been run in the American, or counter-clockwise, direction. Because of its length (one lap around the enormous Belmont main track), and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown, it is called the "Test of the Champion". Most three-year-olds are unaccustomed to the distance, and lack the experience, if not the stamina, to maintain a winning speed for so long. In a long race such as the Belmont, positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical. Traditions The winner's blanket, made of white carnationsThe Belmont Stakes is traditionally called "The Test of the Champion" because of its 1.5 mile length—by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races, and one of the longest for a first-class race in the United States on the dirt. It is also known as "The Run for the Carnations" because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race, in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black-eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness, respectively. The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner's trophy, designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co. It was first presented to August Belmont Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926. Despite the fact that the Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races, its traditions have been more subject to change. Until 1996, the post parade song was "The Sidewalks of New York". From 1997 to 2009, the song was changed to broadcast a recording by Frank Sinatra of the "Theme from New York, New York" in an attempt to appeal to younger fans.[26] In 2010, the song was changed to Jay-Z's "Empire State of Mind" sung by Jasmine V[27] before reverting to "Theme from New York, New York" from 2011[28] through the present. This tradition is similar to the singing of the state song at the post parades of the first two Triple Crown races: "My Old Kentucky Home" at the Kentucky Derby and "Maryland, My Maryland" at the Preakness Stakes.[4] The change of song gave rise to "the myth of Mamie O'Rourke," a reference to a character in the lyrics of "The Sidewalks of New York." Before American Pharoah won the Triple Crown in 2015, some claimed that changing the official Belmont song "cursed" the Triple Crown and was why no horse had won since Affirmed in 1978. Others note that there was no Triple Crown winner between 1979 and 1996, even though "Sidewalks" was still played.[29] Along with the change of song in 1997, the official drink was also changed, from the "White Carnation" to the "Belmont Breeze."[30] The New York Times reviewed both cocktails unfavorably, calling the Belmont Breeze "a significant improvement over the nigh undrinkable White Carnation" despite the fact that it "tastes like a refined trashcan punch."[31] In 2011, the Belmont Breeze was again changed to the current official drink known as the "Belmont Jewel." While the origin of the white carnation as the official flower of the Belmont Stakes is unknown, traditionally, pure white carnations stand for love and luck. It takes approximately 700 "select" carnations imported from Colombia to create the 40-pound blanket draped over the winner of the Belmont Stakes. The NYRA has long used The Pennock Company, a wholesale florist based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to import the carnations used for the mantle.[32] Broadcasting historyFrom 1986 until 2005, the Triple Crown television rights comprised a single package. In late 2004, the New York Racing Association withdrew from that agreement to negotiate independently.[33] As a result of this NBC, who was the rights holder for all three events, was only able to keep its broadcast rights to the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. ABC regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes as part of a five-year contract that expired following the 2010 race; NBC has since regained the rights to the race through 2020. CBS Sports 1960–1985[34]ABC Sports 1986–2000NBC Sports 2001–2005, 2011–2020[35][36]ESPN on ABC 2006–2010[33]Records Kenny McPeek – 2002 Belmont Stakes (G1) win with Sarava, who at odds of 70–1, upset War Emblem's bid for the Triple Crown.[37]Speed record:[38][a] 2:24 flat – Secretariat (1973). Secretariat also holds the fastest ½-, ¾-, 1- and 1¼-mile fractions in Belmont history.Margin of Victory:[38] 31 lengths – Secretariat (1973)Most wins by a jockey:[38] 6 – Jim McLaughlin (1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888)6 – Eddie Arcaro (1941, 1942, 1945, 1948, 1952, 1955)Most wins by a trainer:[38] 8 – James G. Rowe Sr.Most wins by an owner:[38] 6 – Belair Stud (1930, 1932, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1955)6 – James R. Keene (1879, 1901, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1910)TriviaOnly James G. Rowe Sr. and George M. Odom have won the Belmont Stakes as both jockey and trainer.On June 5, 1993 Thoroughbred racing's all-time leading female jockey, Julie Krone, became the first woman to win a Triple Crown race when she rode to victory in the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair.In 1984, Sarah Lundy became the first female trainer to saddle a horse in the Belmont Stakes, sending out Minstrel Star, who finished eleventh.The 2004 race had the biggest attendance in the park's history with 120,139.Sarava, at odds of 70–1, upset War Emblem's bid for the Triple Crown.[37]Braulio Baeza has the distinction of winning three Belmont Stakes over three different surfaces. He won in his Belmont Stakes debut on 65 to 1 long-shot Sherluck in 1961 at the old Belmont Park, won in 1963 on Chateaugay when the race was run at Aqueduct, and won in 1969 on Arts and Letters at the new Belmont Park.Prior to the 2016 running, bay horses had the most victories with 56. Chestnuts were close behind with 54 wins, followed by 33 dark bay/browns. Only three gray/roan horses had won[38] (Belmar in 1895, Native Dancer in 1953, and High Echelon in 1970). In 2016, gray horses swept the top three positions.[39]Fourteen Belmont Stakes winners have sired at least one Belmont winner. Leading this list is Man o' War, who sired three subsequent winners — American Flag, Crusader and Triple Crown winner War Admiral.[38]Twenty-three horses missed their chance at a Triple Crown by not winning the Belmont. Eight of these finished second: Pensive (1944), Tim Tam (1958), Forward Pass (1968), Majestic Prince (1969), Sunday Silence (1989), Silver Charm (1997), Real Quiet (1998), and Smarty Jones (2004). Five finished third: Northern Dancer (1964), Spectacular Bid (1979), Pleasant Colony (1981), Charismatic (1999), and Funny Cide (2003). Four finished fourth: Kauai King (1966), Canonero II (1971), Alysheba (1987), and California Chrome (2014). Carry Back (1961) finished seventh, War Emblem (2002) finished eighth and Big Brown (2008) did not finish. Finally, three Derby/Preakness winners did not race in the Belmont: Burgoo King (1932), Bold Venture (1933) and I'll Have Another (2012), though I'll Have Another was injured and was scratched the day before his Belmont Stakes in 2012.[38]Fillies in the BelmontOnly 23 fillies have run in the Belmont; three of which have won: 1867 – Ruthless1905 – Tanya2007 – Rags to RichesThis gives them a respectable 13% win rate when entered.[40] For context, three fillies have won the Kentucky Derby while five have won the Preakness Stakes. On average, fillies have won between 2% and 3% of the Triple Crown races, with similar numbers for geldings; while about 95% of these races have been won by colts. The last filly as of November 2017 to run in the Belmont was in 2013 when Unlimited Budget ran six behind the winner Palace Malice. Foreign-born winners1874 – Saxon United Kingdom1898 – Bowling Brook United Kingdom1917 – Hourless United Kingdom1918 – Johren United Kingdom1957 – Gallant Man Republic of Ireland1958 – Cavan Republic of Ireland1960 – Celtic Ash United Kingdom1990 – Go And Go Republic of Ireland1998 – Victory Gallop CanadaWinnersBelmont Stakes winners since 1867YearWinnerJockeyTrainerOwnerTrackLengthTime*2019Sir WinstonJoel RosarioMark E. CasseTracy FarmerBelmont1​1⁄2-miles2:28.302018Justify †Mike SmithBob BaffertChina Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight Racing, Winstar2:28.182017TapwritJose OrtizTodd PletcherBridlewood Farm, Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners, Robert V. LaPenta2:30.022016CreatorIrad Ortiz Jr.Steve AsmussenWinStar Farm LLC2:28.512015American Pharoah †Victor EspinozaBob BaffertZayat Stables, LLC2:26.652014TonalistJoel RosarioChristophe ClementRobert S. Evans2:28.522013Palace MaliceMike SmithTodd PletcherDogwood Stable2:30.702012Union RagsJohn VelazquezMichael MatzPhyllis M. Wyeth2:30.422011Ruler on IceJose Valdivia Jr.Kelly BreenGeorge and Lori Hall2:30.882010DrosselmeyerMike SmithWilliam MottWinStar Farm LLC2:31.572009Summer BirdKent DesormeauxTim IceKalarikkal & Vilasini Jayaraman2:27.542008Da'TaraAlan GarciaNick ZitoRobert V. LaPenta2:29.652007Rags to Riches ‡John VelazquezTodd PletcherM. Tabor & D. Smith2:28.742006JazilFernando JaraKiaran McLaughlinShadwell Farm2:27.862005Afleet AlexJeremy RoseTimothy RitcheyCash is King LLC2:28.752004BirdstoneEdgar PradoNick ZitoMarylou Whitney Stables2:27.502003Empire MakerJerry BaileyRobert FrankelJuddmonte Farms2:28.262002SaravaEdgar PradoKenneth McPeekNew Phoenix Stable2:29.712001Point GivenGary StevensBob BaffertThe Thoroughbred Corp.2:26.562000CommendablePat DayD. Wayne LukasBob & Beverly Lewis2:31.191999Lemon Drop KidJose SantosScotty SchulhoferJeanne G. Vance2:27.881998Victory GallopGary StevensW. Elliott WaldenPrestonwood Farm2:29.161997Touch GoldChris McCarronDavid HofmansFrank Stronach2:28.821996Editor's NoteRene R. DouglasD. Wayne LukasOverbrook Farm2:28.961995Thunder GulchGary StevensMichael Tabor2:32.021994Tabasco CatPat DayReynolds/Overbrook2:26.821993Colonial AffairJulie KroneScotty SchulhoferCentennial Farms2:29.971992A.P. IndyEd DelahoussayeNeil DrysdaleTomonori Tsurumaki2:26.131991HanselJerry BaileyFrank L. BrothersLazy Lane Farm2:28.101990Go And GoMichael KinaneDermot K. WeldMoyglare Stud Farm2:27.201989Easy GoerPat DayC. R. McGaughey IIIOgden Phipps2:26.001988Risen StarEd DelahoussayeLouie J. Roussel IIILouie J. Roussel III2:26.401987Bet TwiceCraig PerretJimmy CrollBlanche P. Levy2:28.201986Danzig ConnectionChris McCarronWoody StephensHenryk de Kwiatkowski2:29.801985Creme FraicheEddie MapleBrushwood Stables2:27.001984SwaleLaffit Pincay Jr.Claiborne Farm2:27.201983CaveatAugust Belmont IV2:27.801982Conquistador CieloHenryk de Kwiatkowski2:28.201981SummingGeorge MartensLuis S. BarreraCharles T. Wilson Jr.2:29.001980Temperence HillEddie MapleJoseph B. CanteyLoblolly Stable2:29.801979CoastalRuben HernandezDavid A. WhiteleyWilliam Haggin Perry2:28.601978Affirmed †Steve CauthenLaz BarreraHarbor View Farm2:26.801977Seattle Slew †Jean CruguetWilliam H. Turner Jr.Karen L. Taylor2:29.601976Bold ForbesAngel Cordero Jr.Laz BarreraE. Rodriguez Tizol2:29.001975AvatarBill ShoemakerTommy DoyleArthur A. Seeligson Jr.2:28.201974Little CurrentMiguel A. RiveraLou RondinelloDarby Dan Farm2:29.201973Secretariat †Ron TurcotteLucien LaurinMeadow Stable2:24.001972Riva RidgeMeadow Stud2:28.001971Pass CatcherWalter BlumEddie YowellOctober House Farm2:30.401970High EchelonJohn L. RotzJohn W. JacobsEthel D. Jacobs2:34.001969Arts and LettersBraulio BaezaJ. Elliott BurchRokeby Stables2:28.801968Stage Door JohnnyHeliodoro GustinesJohn M. Gaver Sr.Greentree Stable2:27.201967DamascusBill ShoemakerFrank Y. Whiteley Jr.Edith W. BancroftAqueduct2:28.801966AmberoidWilliam BolandLucien LaurinReginald N. Webster2:29.601965Hail To AllJohnny SellersEddie YowellZelda Cohen2:28.401964QuadrangleManuel YcazaJ. Elliott BurchRokeby Stables2:28.401963ChateaugayBraulio BaezaJames P. ConwayDarby Dan Farm2:30.201962JaipurBill ShoemakerBert MulhollandGeorge D. Widener Jr.Belmont2:28.801961SherluckBraulio BaezaHarold YoungJacob Sher2:29.201960Celtic AshBill HartackThomas J. BarryJoseph E. O'Connell2:29.201959Sword DancerBill ShoemakerJ. Elliott BurchBrookmeade Stable2:28.401958CavanPete AndersonThomas J. BarryJoseph E. O'Connell2:30.201957Gallant ManBill ShoemakerJohn A. NerudRalph Lowe2:26.601956NeedlesDavid ErbHugh L. FontaineD & H Stable2:29.801955NashuaEddie ArcaroJim FitzsimmonsBelair Stud2:29.001954High GunEric GuerinMax HirschKing Ranch2:30.801953Native DancerBill WinfreyAlfred G. Vanderbilt Jr.2:28.601952One CountEddie ArcaroOscar WhiteSarah F. Jeffords2:30.201951CounterpointDavid GormanSylvester VeitchC. V. Whitney2:29.001950MiddlegroundWilliam BolandMax HirschKing Ranch2:28.601949CapotTed AtkinsonJohn M. Gaver Sr.Greentree Stable2:30.201948Citation †Eddie ArcaroHorace A. JonesCalumet Farm2:28.201947PhalanxRuperto DonosoSylvester VeitchC. V. Whitney2:29.401946Assault †Warren MehrtensMax HirschKing Ranch2:30.801945PavotEddie ArcaroOscar WhiteWalter M. Jeffords Sr.2:30.201944Bounding HomeGayle SmithMatt BradyWilliam Ziegler Jr.2:32.201943Count Fleet †Johnny LongdenDon CameronFannie Hertz2:28.201942Shut OutEddie ArcaroJohn M. Gaver Sr.Greentree Stable2:29.201941Whirlaway †Ben A. JonesCalumet Farm2:31.001940BimelechFred A. SmithWilliam A. HurleyEdward R. Bradley2:29.601939JohnstownJames StoutJim FitzsimmonsBelair Stud2:29.601938PasteurizedGeorge M. OdomCarol Harriman Plunkett2:29.401937War Admiral †Charley KurtsingerGeorge ConwayGlen Riddle Farm2:28.601936GranvilleJames StoutJim FitzsimmonsBelair Stud2:30.001935Omaha †Willie Saunders2:30.601934Peace ChanceWayne D. WrightPete CoyneJoseph E. Widener2:29.201933HurryoffMack GarnerHenry McDaniel2:32.601932FairenoTommy MalleyJim FitzsimmonsBelair Stud2:32.801931Twenty GrandCharley KurtsingerJames G. Rowe Jr.Greentree Stable2:29.601930Gallant Fox †Earl SandeJim FitzsimmonsBelair Stud2:31.601929Blue LarkspurMack GarnerHerbert J. ThompsonEdward R. Bradley2:32.801928VitoClarence KummerMax HirschAlfred H. Cosden2:33.201927Chance ShotEarl SandePete CoyneJoseph E. Widener2:32.401926CrusaderAlbert JohnsonGeorge ConwayGlen Riddle Farm2:32.201925American FlagAlbert JohnsonGwyn R. Tompkins1​3⁄8-miles2:16.801924Mad PlayEarl SandeSam HildrethRancocas Stable2:18.801923Zev2:19.001922PilloryCharles H. MillerThomas J. HealeyRichard T. Wilson Jr.2:18.801921Grey LagEarl SandeSam HildrethRancocas Stable2:16.801920Man o' WarClarence KummerLouis FeustelGlen Riddle Farm2:14.201919Sir Barton †Johnny LoftusH. Guy BedwellJ. K. L. Ross2:17.401918JohrenFrank RobinsonAlbert SimonsHarry P. Whitney2:20.401917HourlessJames H. ButwellSam HildrethAugust Belmont Jr.2:17.801916Friar RockEverett Haynes2:22.001915The FinnGeorge ByrneEdward W. HeffnerHarry C. Hallenbeck2:18.401914Luke McLukeMerritt C. BuxtonJohn F. SchorrJohn W. Schorr2:20.001913Prince EugeneRoscoe TroxlerJames G. Rowe Sr.Harry P. Whitney2:18.001912No races held due to the Hart–Agnew Law.19111910SweepJames H. ButwellJames G. Rowe Sr.James R. KeeneBelmont1​3⁄8-miles2:22.001909Joe MaddenEddie DuganSam HildrethSam Hildreth2:21.601908ColinJoe NotterJames G. Rowe Sr.James R. KeeneN/A1907Peter PanGeorge MountainN/A1906BurgomasterLucien LyneJohn W. RogersHarry P. Whitney2:20.001905Tanya ‡Gene Hildebrand1​1⁄4-miles2:08.001904DelhiGeorge M. OdomJames G. Rowe Sr.James R. KeeneMorris Park2:06.601903AfricanderJohn BullmanRichard O. MillerHampton Stable1​3⁄8-miles2:21.751902MastermanJohn J. HylandAugust Belmont Jr.2:22.601901CommandoHenry SpencerJames G. Rowe Sr.James R. Keene2:21.001900IldrimNash TurnerH. Eugene LeighH. Eugene Leigh2:21.251899Jean BereaudRichard ClawsonSam HildrethSydney Paget2:23.001898Bowling BrookFred LittlefieldR. Wyndham WaldenA. H. & D. H. Morris2:32.001897Scottish ChieftainJoe ScherrerMatt ByrnesMarcus Daly2:23.251896HastingsHenry GriffinJohn J. HylandBlemton Stable2:24.501895BelmarFred TaralEdward FeakesPreakness Stables1​1⁄4-miles2:11.501894Henry of NavarreWillie SimmsByron McClellandByron McClelland1​1⁄8-miles1:56.501893ComancheGus HannonEmpire Stable1:53.251892PatronWilliam HaywardLouis StuartLouis Stuart1​1⁄4-miles2:17.001891FoxfordEdward H. GarrisonMichael DonavanC. E. Rand2:08.751890BurlingtonShelby "Pike" BarnesAlbert CooperHough Bros.2:07.751889EricWilliam HaywardJohn HugginsA. J. CassattJerome Park1​1⁄2-miles2:47.251888Sir DixonJim McLaughlinFrank McCabeDwyer Bros. Stable2:40.251887Hanover2:43.501886Inspector B2:41.001885TyrantPatsy DuffyWilliam R. ClaypoolJames B. A. Haggin2:43.001884PaniqueJim McLaughlinJames G. Rowe Sr.Dwyer Bros. Stable2:42.001883George Kinney2:42.501882ForesterLewis StewartAppleby & Johnson2:43.001881SauntererTom CostelloR. Wyndham WaldenGeorge L. Lorillard2:47.001880GrenadaW. Hughes2:47.001879SpendthriftGeorge EvansThomas PuryearJames R. Keene2:42.751878Duke of MagentaW. HughesR. Wyndham WaldenGeorge L. Lorillard2:43.501877CloverbrookCyrus HollowayJeter WaldenEdward A. Clabaugh2:46.001876AlgerineBilly DonohueThomas W. DoswellDoswell & Co.2:40.501875CalvinRobert SwimAnsel WilliamsonH. Price McGrath2:42.251874SaxonGeorge BarbeeWilliam PryorPierre Lorillard IV2:39.501873SpringbokJames G. Rowe Sr.David McDanielDavid McDaniel1​5⁄8-miles3:01.751872Joe Daniels2:58.251871Harry BassettW. Miller2:56.001870KingfisherEdward D. BrownRaleigh Colston Sr.Daniel Swigert2:59.501869FenianC. MillerJacob PincusAugust Belmont3:04.251868General DukeRobert SwimAndrew ThompsonMcConnell & Co.3:02.001867Ruthless ‡Gilbert PatrickA. Jack MinorFrancis Morris3:05.00Note: Timed to the ​1⁄4 second 1867 to 1901 and 1903, and to the ​1⁄5 second in 1902 and from 1904 to 1991. Decimal timing, to the nearest ​1⁄100, is now used, though race calls and many charts still use fifths.A † designates a Triple Crown Winner.A ‡ designates a filly. Saratoga Race Course is a thoroughbred horse racing track located on Union Avenue in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. Opened in 1863, it is often considered to be the oldest major sporting venue of any kind in the country,[2] but is actually the fourth oldest racetrack in the US (after 3rd oldest Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack,[3] 2nd oldest Fair Grounds Race Course,[4] and oldest Freehold Raceway[5]). In 1857 the Empire Race Course was opened on an island in the Hudson River near Albany,[6] but was in operation only a short time. The Saratoga meet originally lasted only four days.[7] The meet has been lengthened gradually since that time; for many decades, the meet lasted four weeks and began in late July or early August. The meet today lasts a total of 40 racing days, with races held five days per week, and traditionally spans from mid-July through Labor Day in early September.[8] Contents1History2Physical attributes and races3Racing4Burials5In popular culture6See also7References8External links9Other readingHistory The main track in 1907 Dawn on the main track in 1963Saratoga Springs was the site of standardbred racing as early as 1847.[9] On August 3, 1863, casino operator and future congressman John Morrissey organized the first thoroughbred race card on the track previously used for harness racing (called Horse Haven that track is no longer used and is near the location of the Oklahoma Training Track).[10] The current course was opened across the street from the old standardbred track the following year.[11] Among those instrumental to the creation of the Saratoga Race Course were John Hunter (later the first chairman of The Jockey Club), William R. Travers, John Morrissey, and Leonard Jerome.[12] Saratoga Race Course has been in use almost every year since 1864, with only a handful of exceptions. The course was closed in 1896 due to increasing competition among thoroughbred tracks, making the meet at Saratoga not viable that season.[13] Anti-gambling legislation, which had passed in New York, resulted in a cessation in all thoroughbred racing in that state during 1911 and 1912.[14] The track's first parimutuel betting machines were installed in 1940.[15] From 1943 to 1945, racing was curtailed at Saratoga due to travel restrictions during World War II. During those years, the stakes races usually held at Saratoga Race Course were instead contested at Belmont Park. The late 1800s were a period of decline for the Race Course. In 1892 it was purchased by notorious gambler Gottfried "Dutch Fred" Waldbaum, the operator of the notorious Guttenberg racetrack in North Bergen, New Jersey. Finally it was purchased in 1901 by a group of investors led by William Collins Whitney, who made major improvements and restored its reputation. In the 1960s, the grandstand was extended, doubling the track's seating capacity.[16] In 1999, Saratoga Race Course was rated as Sports Illustrated's #10 sports venue of the 20th Century.[17] Saratoga Race Course has several nicknames: The Spa (for the nearby mineral springs), the House of Upsets, and the Graveyard of Champions. Famous race horses to lose at the track: Man o' War suffered his only defeat in twenty-one starts while racing at Saratoga Race Course, losing to Upset in the 1919 Sanford Stakes;Gallant Fox, the 1930 Triple Crown winner, was beaten by the 100-1 longshot Jim Dandy in the 1930 Travers Stakes;Secretariat, the 1973 Triple Crown winner, was defeated by Onion in the 1973 Whitney Handicap;Rachel Alexandra, the 2009 Horse of the Year, was beaten in the 2010 Personal Ensign Stakes by Persistently, who closed a length and a half in the final 1/16 mile;American Pharoah, the 2015 Triple Crown winner and a 1-5 favorite, was upset in the 2015 Travers Stakes by Keen Ice for his second career loss.Physical attributes and races Race course from Union AvenueAs is the case with the other two tracks operated by the New York Racing Association – Aqueduct and Belmont Park – there are three separate tracks in the main course at Saratoga Race Course: a main (dirt) track, which, like that at Aqueduct, has a ​1 1⁄8-mile (9-furlong or 1,811 m) circumference;a 1-mile (8-furlong) turf track, known officially as the Mellon Turf Course in honor of the Mellon family, whose members include prominent thoroughbred owner/breeder Paul Mellon and his father Andrew Mellon, a former United States Treasury Secretary; andan inner turf track, the circumference of which is 7 furlongs (1,408 m).[18]Steeplechase races are also run at Saratoga Race Course and take place on the inner turf course. The Oklahoma Training Track, which is across Union Avenue from the main course (was originally named Horse Haven), is used for warmups and training. The Oklahoma Training Track site was the location of the track used for racing at the inaugural meet in 1863; the main grandstand was opened at the current site the following year.[19] On August 3, 2013, the new Whitney Viewing Stand opened at the Oklahoma Track. It allows public viewing of workouts at the track, replicating a former stand from the 19th century.[20] A former distinctive feature of Saratoga Race Course's dirt track was the Wilson Mile chute, which branched off from the clubhouse (first) turn at a 90-degree angle. After the 1971 meeting, its use was suspended; following a brief resumption during the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was dismantled, leaving no distance available for dirt races at one mile. A similarly-designed chute is still in use at Ellis Park Racecourse, a racetrack in Kentucky, and is the only such chute of its kind that can be found at any North American track today. The grounds at Saratoga Race Course contain several unique features. Prior to each race, a bell is hand rung at exactly 17 minutes prior to scheduled post time for each race to call the jockeys to the paddock.[21] Patrons can get close up views of the horses being led to the paddock as the path from the stables runs through the picnic grounds. There is a mineral spring called the Big Red Spring in the picnic grounds where patrons can partake of the water that made Saratoga Springs famous.[22] A gazebo is a prominent feature on the infield, and a stylized version of the gazebo is part of Saratoga Race Course logo. Saratoga Race Course is home to several of the most important races in North America. Since 1864, the track has been the site of the Travers Stakes, the oldest major thoroughbred horse race in the United States.[23] Like the Kentucky Derby, the Travers Stakes is contested on dirt and is open only to three-year-olds, with a purse of $1,250,000. Several other major stakes races are held at Saratoga each year as well, including the Alabama Stakes (for three-year-old fillies), the Hopeful Stakes for two-year-olds, and the Whitney Handicap for open competition (a Breeders' Cup Classic "Win and You're In" qualifier). A new addition in recent years has been "twilight racing", where the first race post time is at 2:30 pm on some days,[24] previously 2:45 PM.[25] Racing'The following are Graded stakes races run at Saratoga:[26] Grade I Stakes races: Alabama StakesAlfred G. Vanderbilt HandicapBallerina HandicapCoaching Club American OaksDiana HandicapForego HandicapH. Allen Jerkens Memorial StakesHopeful StakesPersonal Ensign StakesSpinaway StakesSword Dancer HandicapTest StakesTravers StakesWhitney HandicapWoodward StakesGrade II Stakes races: Adirondack StakesAmsterdam StakesBallston Spa HandicapBernard Baruch HandicapFourstardave HandicapHonorable Miss HandicapJim Dandy StakesLake George StakesLake Placid HandicapNational Museum of Racing Hall of Fame StakesPrioress StakesSaratoga Special StakesGrade III Stakes races: Glens Falls HandicapJames Marvin StakesSanford StakesSaranac StakesSchuylerville StakesVictory Ride StakesWaya StakesWith Anticipation StakesUngraded stakes Alydar StakesBetter Talk Now StakesCurlin StakesDe La Rose StakesFleet Indian StakesFunny Cide StakesSaratoga Dew StakesSummer Colony StakesTale of the Cat StakesUnion Avenue StakesYaddo HandicapDiscontinued Stakes races:Bold Reason HandicapChamplain HandicapFlash StakesGrand Union Hotel StakesHuron HandicapKenner StakesKentucky StakesMerchants and Citizens HandicapSaratoga HandicapUnited States Hotel StakesSteeplechase: New York Turf Writers Cup Handicap (Grade I)A. P. Smithwick Memorial Handicap (Grade I) Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has been mostly unchanged since at least classical antiquity.[1] Horse races vary widely in format, and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, and running in different gaits. In some races, horses are assigned different weights to carry to reflect differences in ability, a process known as handicapping.[2] While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport, a major part of horse racing's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it,[3] an activity that in 2019 generated a worldwide market worth around US$115 billion.[4] Contents1History2Types of horse racing2.1Flat racing2.2Jump racing2.3Harness racing2.4Saddle trot racing2.5Endurance racing3Breeds3.1Thoroughbred3.2Standardbred3.3Arabian horse3.4Quarter Horse3.5Horse breeds and muscle structure4Training5Horse racing by continent5.1North America5.2Europe5.3Oceania5.4Africa5.5Asia5.6South America6Betting7Dangers8See also9References10Bibliography11External linksHistory Riderless Racers at Rome by Théodore Géricault, 1817 British nobility horse racing at Apsley House, London c. 1850sHorse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practised in civilisations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Babylon, Syria, and Egypt.[5] It also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine sports. Both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC[6] and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. It continued although chariot racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse, which frequently suffered serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries.[7] From the mid-fifteenth, spring carnival in Rome closed with a horse race. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, were set loose to run the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street; their time was about 2+1⁄2 minutes. In later times, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with aristocrats and royalty of British society, earning it the title "Sport of Kings".[8] Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and displayed the excellent horsemanship needed in battle. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have vanished after horses stopped being used in combat.[9] In Britain, horse racing became well-established in the 18th century. It continued to grow in popularity throughout the 18th and beyond. King Charles II (reigned 1649 to 1685) was an avid sportsman who gave Newmarket its prominence. By 1750 the Jockey Club was formed to control the Newmarket races, set the rules of the game, prevent dishonesty, and making for a level field.[10] Epsom Derby began in 1780. The five classic races began with the St Leger Stakes in 1776. The system was complete in 1814 with five annual races.[11] Newmarket and the Jockey Club set the standards but most of the racing took place for small cash prizes and enormous local prestige in landowners’ fields and in the rising towns. The system of wagering was essential to the funding and the growth of the industry, and all classes participated from the poor to royalty. High society was in control, and they made a special effort to keep the riff-raff out and the criminal element away from the wagering. With real money at stake, the system needed skilled jockeys, trainers, grooms, and experts at breeding, thereby opening new prestigious careers for working-class rural men. Every young ambitious stable boy could dream of making it big.[12] Horse racing is one of the few sports that has continued during the 2020 -19 crisis,[13] with Australian and Hong Kong the two main racing jurisdictions to carry on, albeit with no crowds. The USA, United Kingdom and France were some of the more prominent racing bodies to either postpone or cancel all events. Types of horse racingThere are many types of horse racing, including: Flat racing, where horses gallop directly between two points around a straight or oval track.Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, where horses race over obstacles.Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky.[14]Saddle Trotting, where horses must trot from a starting point to a finishing point under saddleEndurance racing, where horses travel across country over extreme distances, generally ranging from 25 to 100 miles (40 to 161 km). Anything less than 25 miles qualifies as a limited distance ride or LD.Different breeds of horses have developed that excel in each of the specific disciplines. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, and Appaloosa.[15] Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, when in Europe, Russian and French Trotter are used with Standardbred. Light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas. There also are races for ponies: both flat and jump[16] and harness racing.[17] Flat racingFlat racing is the most common form of horse racing seen worldwide. Flat racing tracks are typically oval in shape and are generally level, although in Great Britain and Ireland there is much greater variation, including figure-of-eight tracks like Windsor and tracks with often severe gradients and changes of camber, such as Epsom Racecourse. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe and dirt more common in North America and Asia. Newly designed synthetic surfaces, such as Polytrack or Tapeta, are seen at some tracks. Individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards (400 m) up to two and a half miles (4 km), with distances between five and twelve furlongs (1.0 and 2.4 km) being most common. Short races are generally referred to as "sprints", while longer races are known as "routes" in the United States or "staying races" in Europe. Although fast acceleration ("a turn of foot") is usually required to win either type of race, in general sprints are seen as a test of speed, while long-distance races are seen as a test of stamina. The most prestigious flat races in the world, such as the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, Melbourne Cup, Japan Cup, Epsom Derby, Kentucky Derby and Dubai World Cup, are run over distances in the middle of this range and are seen as tests of both speed and stamina to some extent. In the most prestigious races, horses are generally allocated the same weight to carry for fairness, with allowances given to younger horses and female horses running against males. These races are called conditions races and offer the biggest purses. There is another category of races called handicap races where each horse is assigned a different weight to carry based on its ability.[18] Besides the weight they carry, horses' performance can also be influenced by position relative to the inside barrier, gender, jockey, and training. Jump racing Race horses hurdling at BangorMain articles: National Hunt racing, Steeplechase (horse racing), and Hurdling (horse race)Jump (or jumps) racing in Great Britain and Ireland is known as National Hunt racing (although, confusingly, National Hunt racing also includes flat races taking place at jumps meetings; these are known as National Hunt flat races). Jump racing can be subdivided into steeplechasing and hurdling, according to the type and size of obstacles being jumped. The word "steeplechasing" can also refer collectively to any type of jump race in certain racing jurisdictions, particularly in the United States. Typically, horses progress to bigger obstacles and longer distances as they get older, so that a European jumps horse will tend to start in National Hunt flat races as a juvenile, move on to hurdling after a year or so, and then, if thought capable, move on to steeplechasing. Harness racingMain article: Harness racingA type of racing where horses go around a track while pulling a sulky and a driver behind them. In this sport, Standardbreds are used. These horses are separated into two categories, trotters and pacers. Pacers move the legs on each side of their body in tandem, while trotters move their diagonal legs together. The latter are typically faster than the former due to the gaits used.[19] Occasionally a horse will break their gait into an actual canter or gallop. This could cause the loss of a race or even a disqualification.[20] Notable races include the Breeder's Crown series.[21] Saddle trot racingRidden trot races are more common in places such as Europe and New Zealand. These horses are trotters who race on the flat under saddle with a jockey on their backs.[22] Endurance racingMain article: Endurance riding Suffolk Downs starting gate, East Boston, MassachusettsThe length of an endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while other races can be up to one hundred miles. There are a few races that are even longer than one hundred miles and last multiple days.[23] These different lengths of races are divided into five categories: pleasure rides (10–20 miles), non-competitive trail rides (21–27 miles), competitive trail rides (20–45 miles), progressive trail rides (25–60 miles), and endurance rides (40–100 miles in one day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in multiple days).[24] Because each race is very long, trails of natural terrain are generally used. Contemporary organized endurance racing began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the beginning of the Tevis Cup[25] This race was a one-hundred-mile, one-day-long ride starting in Squaw Valley, Placer County, and ending in Auburn. Founded in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference was the United States' first national endurance riding association.[24] The longest endurance race in the world is the Mongol Derby, which is 1,000 km (620 mi) long.[26] BreedsFurther information: Horse breedingIn most horse races, entry is restricted to certain breeds; that is, the horse must have a sire (father) and a dam (mother) who are studbook-approved individuals of whatever breed is racing.[citation needed] For example, in a normal harness race, the horse's sire and dam must both be pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quarter Horse racing, where an Appendix Quarter Horse may be considered eligible to race against (standard) Quarter Horses. The designation of "Appendix" refers to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Quarter Horse registry. An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issues a "Racing Register of Merit", which allows a horse to race on Quarter Horse tracks, but not be considered a Quarter Horse for breeding purposes (unless other requirements are met).[27] A stallion who has won many races may be put up to stud when he is retired. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer technology (allowed only in some breeds) have brought changes to the traditions and ease of breeding. Pedigrees of stallions are recorded in various books and websites, such as Weatherbys Stallion Book, the Australian Stud Book and Thoroughbred Heritage.[citation needed] ThoroughbredMain article: ThoroughbredThere are three founding sires that all Thoroughbreds can trace back to in the male line: the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Arabian, and the Byerley Turk, named after their respective owners Thomas Darley, Lord Godolphin, and Captain Robert Byerly. They were taken to England, where they were mated with mares from English and imported bloodlines.[28] The resultant foals were the first generation of Thoroughbreds, and all modern Thoroughbreds trace back to them. Thoroughbreds range in height, which is measured in hands (a hand being four inches). Some are as small as 15 hands while others are over 17. Thoroughbreds can travel medium distances at fast paces, requiring a balance between speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds may be bay, black, dark bay/brown, chestnut, gray, roan, white or palomino. Artificial insemination, cloning and embryo transfer are not allowed in the Thoroughbred breed.[29] Standardbred horses harness racingStandardbredMain article: StandardbredThe standardbred is a breed of horse used for a variety of purposes, but they are largely bred for harness racing. They are descended from thoroughbreds, morgans, and extinct breeds. Standardbreds are typically docile and easy to handle. They do not spook easily and are quite versatile in what they can do. They can be jumpers, dressage, and pleasure riding horses.[30] Arabian horseMain article: Arabian horseThe Arabian horse was developed by the Bedouin people of the Middle East specifically for stamina over long distances, so they could outrun their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the Arabian was introduced into the United States.[31] Arabians appeared in the United States in colonial times, though were not bred as purebreds until about the time of the Civil War. Until the formation of the Arabian Horse Registry of America in 1908, Arabians were recorded with the Jockey Club in a separate subsection from Thoroughbreds. Arabians must be able to withstand traveling long distances at a moderate pace. They have an abundance of type I muscle fibers, enabling their muscles to work for extended periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabian are not nearly as massive as those of the Quarter Horse, which allow it to travel longer distances at quicker speeds. The Arabian is primarily used today in endurance racing but is also raced over traditional race tracks in many countries. Arabian Horse Racing is governed by the International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing.[32] Quarter HorseMain article: American Quarter HorseThe ancestors of the Quarter Horse were prevalent in America in the early 17th century. These horses were a blend of Colonial Spanish horses crossed with English horses that were brought over in the 1700s. The native horse and the English horse were bred together, resulting in a compact, muscular horse. At this time, they were mainly used for chores such as plowing and cattle work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association in 1940.[33] In order to be successful in racing, Quarter Horses need to be able to propel themselves forward at extremely fast sprinter speed. The Quarter Horse has much larger hind limb muscles than the Arabian, which make it less suitable for endurance racing.[34] It also has more type II-b muscle fibers, which allow the Quarter Horse to accelerate rapidly. When Quarter Horse racing began, it was very expensive to lay a full mile of track so it was agreed that a straight track of four hundred meters, or one-quarter of a mile, would be laid instead.[35] It became the standard racing distance for Quarter Horses and inspired their name. With the exception of the longer, 870-yard (800 m) distance contests, Quarter Horse races are run flat out, with the horses running at top speed for the duration. There is less jockeying for position, as turns are rare, and many races end with several contestants grouped together at the wire. The track surface is similar to that of Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt. In addition to the three main racing breeds above and their crosses, horse racing may be conducted using various other breeds: Appaloosa, American Paint Horse, mules, Selle Français, AQPS[36] and Korean Jeju.[37] Horse breeds and muscle structureMuscles are bundles of contractile fibers that are attached to bones by tendons. These bundles have different types of fibers within them, and horses have adapted over the years to produce different amounts of these fibers.[38][39] Type 1Type I muscle fibers are adapted for aerobic exercise and rely on the presence of oxygen. They are slow-twitch fibers. They allow muscles to work for longer periods of time resulting in greater endurance. Type 2Type II muscles are adapted for anaerobic exercise because they can function in the absence of oxygen. Type II-a fibers are intermediate, representing a balance between the fast-twitch fibers and the slow-twitch fibers. They allow the muscles to generate both speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds possess more Type II-a muscle fibers than Quarter Horses or Arabians. This type of fiber allows them to propel themselves forward at great speeds and maintain it for an extended distance. Type II-b fibers are fast-twitch fibers. These fibers allow muscles to contract quickly, resulting in a great deal of power and speed. Training The Derby Pets - The Winner; painting by James Pollard, c. 1840The conditioning program for the horses varies depending on the race length. Genetics, training, age, and skeletal soundness are all factors that contribute to a horse's performance.[40] The muscle structure and fiber type of horses depends on the breed; therefore, genetics must be considered when constructing a conditioning plan. A horse's fitness plan must be coordinated properly in order to prevent injury or lameness. If these are to occur, they may negatively affect a horse's willingness to learn.[40] Sprinting exercises are appropriate for training two-year-old racehorses, but the number is limited by psychological factors as well as physical.[40] A horse's skeletal system adapts to the exercise it receives. Because the skeletal system does not reach full maturity until the horse is at least six years of age, young racehorses often suffer injuries.[40] Horse racing by continentNorth AmericaUnited StatesSee also: Horse racing in the United States Horse racing at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841 Horse racing at Toledo, Ohio, 1910In the United States, Thoroughbred flat races are run on surfaces of either dirt, synthetic or turf. Other tracks offer Quarter Horse racing and Standardbred racing, on combinations of these three types of racing surfaces. Racing of other breeds, such as Arabian horse racing, is found on a limited basis. American Thoroughbred races are run at a wide variety of distances, most commonly from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0 to 2.4 km); with this in mind, breeders of Thoroughbred race horses attempt to breed horses that excel at a particular distance (see dosage index). Horse racing in the United States and on the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York.[41] This first racing meet in North America was supervised by New York's colonial governor, Richard Nicolls. The area is now occupied by the present Nassau County, New York, a region of Greater Westbury and East Garden City. The South Westbury section is still known as Salisbury. The first record of quarter-mile length races dated back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses, and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name from the length of the race. The American Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.[42] The Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack at the Alameda County Fairgrounds is the oldest remaining horse racing track in America,[43] dating from 1858, when it was founded by the sons of the Spaniard Don Agustín Bernal. Belmont Park is located at the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred racecourse in the world, and it has the sport's largest grandstand. One of the latest major horse tracks opened in the United States was the Meadowlands Racetrack, opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. It is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the latter track hosted the prestigious Breeders' Cup series of races in 2004. Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Hall of Fame honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers. The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Together, the Derby; the Preakness Stakes, held two weeks later at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland; and the Belmont Stakes, held three weeks after the Preakness at Belmont Park on Long Island, form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. They are all held early in the year, throughout May and the beginning of June. In recent years the Breeders' Cup races, run at the end of the year, have challenged the Triple Crown events as determiners of the three-year-old champion. The Breeders' Cup is normally held at a different track every year; however, the 2010 and 2011 editions were both held at Churchill Downs, and 2012, 2013 and 2014 races were held at Santa Anita Park. Keeneland, in Lexington, Kentucky, hosted the 2015 Breeders' Cup. The corresponding Standardbred event is the Breeders Crown. There is also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters. For Arabians, there is the Arabian Triple Crown, consisting of Drinkers of the Wind Derby in California, the Texas Six Shooter Stakes, and the Bob Magness Derby in Delaware. American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state where the race is located.[44] Simulcast betting exists across state lines with minimal oversight except the companies involved through legalized parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or "take," is removed from each betting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed.[45] One form of parimutuel gaming is Instant Racing, in which players bet on video replays of races. Advanced Deposit Wagering is a form of gambling on the outcome of horse races in which the bettor must fund his or her account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone. In contrast to ADW, credit shops allow wagers without advance funding; accounts are settled at month-end. Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a cut of ADW revenues. CanadaThe most famous horse from Canada is generally considered to be Northern Dancer, who after winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Queen's Plate in 1964 went on to become the most successful Thoroughbred sire of the twentieth century; his two-minute-flat Derby was the fastest on record until Secretariat in 1973. The only challenger to his title of greatest Canadian horse would be his son Nijinsky II, who is the last horse to win the English Triple Crown. Woodbine Racetrack (1956) in Toronto is home of the Queen's Plate (1860), Canada's premier Thoroughbred stakes race, and the North America Cup (1984), Canada's premier Standardbred stakes race. It is the only race track in North America which stages Thoroughbred and Standardbred (harness) meetings on the same day. The Canadian International and Woodbine Mile (1981) are Canada's most important Grade I races worth C$1,000,000 each, and have been won by many renowned horses such as Secretariat and Wise Dan respectively. Other key races include Woodbine Oaks (1956), Prince of Wales Stakes (1929), Breeders' Stakes (1889) and Canadian Derby (1930). Horse Racing in Warsaw at Pole Mokotowskie Race Track in 1891Europe Horse racing in Sweden, c. 1555BelgiumHorse racing in Belgium takes place at three venues – Hippodrome Wellington in Ostend (opened in 1883 in honour of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Hippodroom Waregem in Waregem in Flanders and Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons, Wallonia. Czech RepublicThere are 15 racecourses in the Czech Republic, most notably Pardubice Racecourse, where the country's most famous race, the Velka Pardubicka steeplechase, has been run since 1874.[46] However, the first official race was organized back in 1816 by Emperor Francis II near Kladruby nad Labem. The Czech horse racing season usually starts at the beginning of April and ends sometime in November. Racing takes place mostly at weekends and there is usually one meeting on a Saturday and one on Sunday.[47] Horse races, as well as Thoroughbred horse breeding, is organized by Jockey Club Czech Republic, founded in 1919.[48] FranceSee also: List of French flat horse races, Category:Horse racing in France, and French flat racing Champion JockeyFrance has a major horse racing industry. It is home to the famous Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe held at Longchamp Racecourse, the richest race in Europe and the second richest turf race in the world after the Japan Cup, with a prize of 4 million Euros (approximately US$5.2 million). Other major races include the Grand Prix de Paris, the Prix du Jockey Club (the French Derby) and the Prix de Diane. Besides Longchamp, France's other premier flat racecourses include Chantilly and Deauville. There is also a smaller but nevertheless important jumps racing sector, with Auteil Racecourse being the best known. The sport's governing body is France Galop. Great BritainMain article: Horseracing in Great BritainSee also: Horseracing in Scotland and Horseracing in Wales 1890 engraving of horses jumping the Becher's Brook fence in the Grand National. With treacherous fences combined with the distance (over 4 miles), the race has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".[49] Eclipse, an undefeated British racehorse and outstanding sire.Horse racing in Great Britain is predominantly thoroughbred flat and jumps racing. It was in Great Britain in the 17th to 19th centuries that many of the sport's rules and regulations were established. Named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, The Derby was first run in 1780. The race serves as the middle leg of the British Triple Crown, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger. The name "Derby" has since become synonymous with great races all over the world, and as such has been borrowed many times in races abroad.[50] The Grand National is the most prominent race in British culture, watched by many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.[51] Many of the sport's greatest jockeys, most notably Sir Gordon Richards, have been British. The sport is regulated by the British Horseracing Authority. The BHA's authority does not extend to Northern Ireland; racing in Ireland is governed on an All-Ireland basis. GreeceDespite having an ancient tradition with well-documented history, all racetracks in Greece have ceased operation due to the Greek government-debt crisis.[52] HungaryHungary has a long-standing horse racing tradition. The first horse racing in Pest was noted on June 6, 1827.[citation needed] Although racing in Hungary is neither as popular nor as prestigious as it is in Western Europe, the country is notable for producing some fine international racehorses. Foremost of these is Kincsem, foaled in 1874 and the most successful Thoroughbred racehorse ever, having won 54 races in 54 starts. The country also produced Overdose, a horse who won his first 12 races, including group races in Germany and Italy, and finished fourth in the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot. IrelandMain article: Horse racing in IrelandIreland has a rich history of horse racing; point to pointing originated there, and even today, jump racing is more popular than racing on the flat. As a result, every year Irish horse racing fans travel in huge numbers to the highlight event of the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Festival, and in recent years Irish owned or bred horses have dominated the event.[citation needed] Ireland has a thriving Thoroughbred breeding industry, stimulated by favorable tax treatment.[citation needed] The world's largest Thoroughbred stud farm, Coolmore Stud, has its main site there (in addition to major operations in the U.S. and Australia). In recent years,[when?] various Irish bred and trained horses achieved victory in one or more of the British 2000 Guineas, The Derby and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, considered the three most prestigious races in Europe. In the six runnings of the Epsom Derby between 2008 and 2013, Irish horses filled 20 of the first 30 placings, winning the race 5 times.[citation needed] ItalySee also: List of horse races in ItalyHistorically, Italy has been one of the leading European horse-racing nations, albeit in some respects behind Great Britain, Ireland, and France in size and prestige. The late Italian horse breeder Federico Tesio was particularly notable. In recent years, however, the sport in the country has suffered a major funding crisis, culminating in its 2014 expulsion from the European Pattern.[53] Netherlands This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)In Wassenaar in the Hague there is a grass course at Duindigt. Poland This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) "First regular horse racing on Pola Mokotowskie in Warsaw" January Suchodolski 1849.Horse racing in Poland can be dated to 1777, when a horse owned by Polish noble Kazimierz Rzewuski beat the horse of the English chargé d'affaires, Sir Charles Whitworth, on the road from Wola to Ujazdów Castle. The first regular horse racing was organized in 1841 on Mokotów Fields in Warsaw by Towarzystwo Wyścigów Konnych i Wystawy Zwierząt Gospodarskich w Królestwie Polskim (in English, the Society of Horse Racing in Congress Poland). The main racetrack in Poland is Warsaw's Służewiec Racecourse. The industry was severely limited during the Communist era, when gambling, the major source of funding, was made illegal. SwedenSee also: Harness racing in Sweden This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Harness racing (also known as trotting), is a popular sport in Sweden, with significant amounts of money wagered annually. OceaniaAustraliaMain articles: Thoroughbred racing in Australia and Harness racing in Australia Tambo Valley Picnic Races, Victoria, Australia 2006Horse racing in Australia was founded during the early years of settlement and the industry has grown to be among the top three leading Thoroughbred racing nations of the world.[54] The world-famous Melbourne Cup, the race that stops a nation, has recently attracted many international entries. In country racing, records indicate that Goulburn commenced racing in 1834.[55] Australia's first country racing club was established at Wallabadah in 1852 and the Wallabadah Cup is still held on New Year's Day (the current racecourse was built in 1898).[56] In Australia, the most famous racehorse was Phar Lap (bred in New Zealand), who raced from 1928 to 1932. Phar Lap carried 9 st 12 lb (62.5 kg) to win the 1930 Melbourne Cup. Australian steeplechaser Crisp is remembered for his battle with Irish champion Red Rum in the 1973 Grand National. In 2003–2005 the mare Makybe Diva (bred in Great Britain) became the only racehorse to ever win the Melbourne Cup three times, let alone in consecutive years. In harness racing, Cane Smoke had 120 wins, including 34 in a single season, Paleface Adios became a household name during the 1970s, while Cardigan Bay, a pacing horse from New Zealand, enjoyed great success at the highest levels of American harness racing in the 1960s. More recently, Blacks A Fake has won four Inter Dominion Championships, making him the only horse to complete this feat in Australasia's premier harness race.[57] Competitive endurance riding commenced in Australia in 1966, when the Tom Quilty Gold Cup was first held in the Hawkesbury district, near Sydney, New South Wales. The Quilty Cup is considered the National endurance ride and there are now over 100 endurance events contested across Australia, ranging in distances from 80 km to 400 km.[58] The world's longest endurance ride is the Shahzada 400 km Memorial Test which is conducted over five days traveling 80 kilometers a day at St Albans on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. In all endurance events, there are rigorous vet checks, conducted before, during and after the competition, in which the horses' welfare is of the utmost concern.[59] New ZealandMain articles: Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand and Harness racing in New ZealandRacing is a long-established sport in New Zealand, stretching back to colonial times. Horse racing is a significant part of the New Zealand economy which in 2004 generated 1.3% of the GDP. The indirect impact of expenditures on racing was estimated to have generated more than $1.4 billion in economic activity in 2004 and created 18,300 full-time equivalent jobs. More than 40,000 people were involved in some capacity in the New Zealand racing industry in 2004. In 2004, more than one million people attended race meetings in New Zealand.[60] There are 69 Thoroughbred and 51 harness clubs licensed in New Zealand. Racecourses are situated in 59 locations throughout New Zealand. The bloodstock industry is important to New Zealand, with the export sale of horses – mainly to Australia and Asia – generating more than $120 million a year. During the 2008–09 racing season 19 New Zealand bred horses won 22 Group One races around the world.[61] Notable thoroughbred racehorses from New Zealand include Carbine, Nightmarch, Sunline, Desert Gold and Rising Fast.[62][63] Phar Lap and Tulloch were both bred in New Zealand but did not race there. The most famous New Zealand standardbred horse is probably Cardigan Bay. Stanley Dancer drove the New Zealand bred horse, Cardigan Bay to win $1 million in stakes in 1968, the first harness horse to surpass that milestone in American history.[64] Other horses of note include Young Quinn, Christian Cullen, Lazarus and the trotter Lyell Creek. AfricaMauritius Maiden Cup 2006 - To The Line, winner of the raceOn 25 June 1812, the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated by The Mauritius Turf Club which was founded earlier in the same year by Colonel Edward A. Draper. The Champ de Mars is situated on a prestigious avenue in Port Louis, the capital city and is the oldest racecourse in the southern hemisphere. The Mauritius Turf Club is the second oldest active turf club in the world. Undeniably, racing is one of the most popular sports in Mauritius now attracting regular crowds of 20,000 people or more to the only racecourse of the island. A high level of professionalism has been attained in the organization of races over the last decades preserving the unique electrifying ambiance prevailing on race days at the Champ de Mars. Members of the British Royal Family, such as Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Margaret or the Queen Mother have attended or patronised races at the Champ de Mars numerous times. Champ de Mars has four classic events a year such as: Duchess of York Cup, Barbé Cup, Maiden Cup and the Duke of York Cup. Most of the horses are imported from South Africa but some are also acquired from Australia, the United Kingdom and France.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] South AfricaHorse racing is a popular sport in South Africa that can be traced back to 1797. The first recorded race club meeting took place five years later in 1802.[73] The national horse racing body is known as the National Horseracing Authority and was founded in 1882. The premier event, which attracts 50,000 people to Durban, is the Durban July Handicap, which has been run since 1897 at Greyville Racecourse. It is the largest and most prestigious event on the continent, with betting running into the hundreds of millions of Rands. Several July winners have gone on to win major international races, such as Colorado King, London News, and Ipi Tombe.[74] However, the other notable major races are the Summer Cup, held at Turffontein Racecourse in Johannesburg, and The Sun Met, which is held at Kenilworth race track in Cape Town. AsiaChinaHorse racing in one form or another has been a part of Chinese culture for millennia. Horse racing was a popular pastime for the aristocracy at least by the Zhou Dynasty – 4th century B.C. General Tian Ji's strategem for a horse race remains perhaps the best-known story about horse racing in that period. In the 18th and 19th centuries, horse racing and equestrian sports in China was dominated by Mongol influences. Thoroughbred horse racing came to China with British settlements in the middle 1800s and most notably centered around the treaty ports, including the two major race courses in Shanghai, the Shanghai Racecourse and the International Recreation Grounds (in Kiang-wan), and the racecourses of Tianjin. The Kiang-wan racecourse was destroyed in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Shanghai Race Club closed in 1954. The former Shanghai Racecourse is now People's Square and People's Park and the former club building was the Shanghai Art Museum. As Hong Kong and Macau are Special Administrative Region, they're allowed to exemption from ban of gambling on mainland China. (See below) Horse racing was banned in the Republic of China from 1945, and the People's Republic of China maintained the ban after 1949, although allowances were made for ethnic minority peoples for whom horse sports are a cultural tradition. Speed horse racing (速度赛马) was an event in the National Games of China, mainly introduced to cater to minority peoples, such as the Mongols. The racecourse was initially 5 km, but from 2005 (the 10th National Games) was extended to 12 km. The longer race led to deaths and injuries to participating horses in both 2005 and the 11th National Games in 2009. Also, with the entry into the sport of Han majority provinces such as Hubei, which are better funded and used Western, rather than traditional, breeding and training techniques, meant that the original purpose of the event to foster traditional horse racing for groups like the Mongols was at risk of being usurped. At the 2009 National Games, Hubei won both the gold and silver medals, with Inner Mongolia winning bronze. As a result of these factors, the event was abolished for the 12th National Games in 2013. Club horse racing reappeared on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, the China Speed Horse Race Open in Wuhan was organized as the qualification round for the speed horse race event at the National Games the next year, but was also seen by commentators as a step towards legalizing both horse racing and gambling on the races.[75] The Wuhan Racecourse was the only racecourse that organized races in China.[76] In 2014, the Wuhan Jockey Club organized more than 80 races. Almost all Chinese trainers and jockeys stabled in Wuhan. However, with the demise of the event at the National Games and the government not relenting from the ban on commercial racing, various racecourses built in recent years are all in a state of disuse: The Nanjing Racecourse, which previously hosted National Games equestrian events, is now used as a car park;[77] the Beijing Jockey Club was shut down in 2008. The racecourse in Inner Mongolia has not been active after 2012. Horse racing eventually returned to mainland China on the year 2014 as the one-day, five-card event for foreign horses, trainers and jockeys.[78] Hong Kong Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong at nightThe British tradition of horse racing left its mark with the creation of one of the most important entertainment and gambling institutions in Hong Kong. Established as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club in 1884, the non-profit organization conducts nearly 700 races every season at the two race tracks: in Happy Valley and Sha Tin. All horses are imported since there is no breeding operation.[citation needed] The sport annually draws millions of dollars of tax revenue. Off-track betting is available from overseas bookmakers. In the 1920s, the Hong Kong Jockey Club had race meetings for visitors already. Visitors were divided into public and member. The charges for these two types of visitors are different. The charge for admission to the Public Enclosure is $1 per day for all while soldiers and sailors can enjoy half price. On the other hand, members are required to show their badges to obtain admission to the Members’ Enclosure. And also the charge for admission to the Members’ Enclosure is $2 per day.[79] By comparing the lowest wage in 1929, we observe that the lowest wage is around $12 ( $0.4 per day) which has a large distance for the requirement enclosure.[80] Therefore, we can observe that the race meetings are mainly opened for upper class mostly while grass-root has a lower chance to touch horse racing activity. Nowadays, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is a cornerstone of modern Hong Kong. It donates all its profits to the Hong Kong government, charities and public institutions. It is the territory's largest taxpayer, contributing 11% of the government's revenues in 2000. In economic terms, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is an old-fashioned government-protected monopoly; all other forms of gambling are illegal in this industry.[81] Hong Kong—SweepstakesSweepstakes were introduced in Hong Kong during the 1920s. There are three types of sweepstakes which are the Special Cash Sweeps, the Last Race Sweep and the Ordinary Cash Sweeps. Special Cash Sweeps were at first drawn twice a year, and increased to three times a year later given its popularity. It carried the highest prize money amongst three types of sweepstakes. The Last Race Sweep commanded higher prize money then Ordinary Cash Sweeps, which were drawn for almost every race and therefore carried the lowest prize money.[82] Sweepstakes could be purchased either at sweepstakes stations or from sweepstakes vendors throughout Hong Kong. With different numbers print on each sweepstake, one sweepstake is drawn and assigned, for each horse participating in the race, and the sweepstake attached to the winning horse would win the first prize. Likewise, the number of the first runner-up and second runner-up would win the second and third prize, respectively, with the rest winning consolation prizes. With the introduction of new bet types in horse racing and the launch of the Mark Six lottery in the 1970s, the club finally stopped selling sweepstakes in 1977.[82] MacauJockey Club of Macau was established for harness racing. It started to conduct horse races in 1989.[83] IndiaMain article: Horse racing in IndiaIndia's first racecourse was set up in Madras in 1777. Today India has nine racetracks operated by seven racing authorities.[citation needed] JapanMain article: Horseracing in Japan Nakayama Racecourse in Funabashi, JapanJapan has two governing bodies that control its horseracing – the Japan Racing Association (JRA), and National Association of Racing (NAR). Between them they conduct more than 21,000 horse races a year. The JRA is responsible for 'Chuo Keiba' (meaning 'central horse racing'), taking place on the ten main Japanese tracks. The NAR, meanwhile, is responsible for 'Chihou Keiba' (meaning 'local horse racing'). Racing in Japan is mainly flat racing, but Japan also has jump racing and a sled-pulling race known as Ban'ei (also called Draft Racing). Japan's top stakes races are run in the spring, autumn, and winter. These include the country's most prominent race – the Grade 1 Japan Cup, a 2,400 m (about 1½ mile) invitational turf race run every November at Tokyo Racecourse for a purse of ¥476 million (about US$5.6 million), one of the richest turf races in the world. Other noted stakes races include the February Stakes, Japanese Derby, Takamatsunomiya Kinen, Yasuda Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Arima Kinen, Satsuki Sho, Kikka Sho, and the Tenno Sho races run in the spring and fall. Japan's top jump race is the Nakayama Grand Jump, run every April at Nakayama Racecourse. MalaysiaIn Malaysia, horse racing was introduced during the British colonial era and remains to the present day as a gambling activity. There are three race courses in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Penang Turf Club, Perak Turf Club and Selangor Turf Club. Within and only within the turf clubs, betting on horse racing is a legal form of gambling. Racing in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is conducted and governed under the Rules of the Malayan Racing Association and betting in Malaysia is operated and organized by Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd. In East Malaysia, races are governed independently by the Royal Sabah Turf Club[84] and the Sarawak Turf Club.[85] MongoliaMongolian horse racing takes place during the Naadam festival. Mongolia does not have Thoroughbred horse racing. Rather, it has its own Mongolian style of horse racing in which the horses run for at least a distance of 25 kilometers.[86] PakistanHorse races are held in Pakistan at four clubs. In Lahore at Lahore Race Club, Rawalpindi at Chakri, in Karachi at Karachi Race Club and in Gujrat at Gujrat Race Club. PhilippinesMain article: Horseracing in the PhilippinesHorseracing in the Philippines began in 1867. The history of Philippine horseracing has three divisions according to the breeds of horses used. They are the Philippine-pony era (1867–1898), the Arabian-horse era (1898–1930), and the Thoroughbred-era (1935–present).[87] Singapore This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Horse racing was introduced to Singapore by the British during the colonial era and remained one of the legal forms of gambling after independence. It remains a highly popular form of entertainment with the local Singaporean community to this day. Races are typically held on Friday evenings and Sundays at the Singapore Turf Club in Kranji. Horse racing has also left its mark in the naming of roads in Singapore such as Race Course Road in Little India, where horse racing was first held in Singapore, and Turf Club Road in Bukit Timah where Singapore Turf Club used to be situated before moving to its current location in 1999.[citation needed] South KoreaMain article: Horse racing in South KoreaHorse racing in South Korea dates back to May 1898, when a foreign language institute run by the government included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it wasn't until the 1920s that modern horse racing involving betting developed. The nation's first authorised club, the Chosun Racing Club, was established in 1922 and a year later, the pari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.[88] The Korean War disrupted the development of horse racing in the country, but after the Seoul Olympics in 1988, the Olympic Equestrian Park was converted into racing facilities named Seoul Race Park, which helped the sport to develop again.[88] TurkeyMain article: Jockey Club of Turkey This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Horses have been an important role in Turks' lives throughout history. After the modern Republic Of Turkey was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the number of breeding and racing Arabian and thoroughbred racehorses accelerated rapidly especially after the beginning of the 1930s. The Jockey Club of Turkey, founded in 1950, was the turning point of both the Turkish breeding and racing industries. United Arab EmiratesThe big race in the UAE is the Dubai World Cup, a race with a purse of US$10 million, which was the largest purse in the world until being surpassed by the Pegasus World Cup, an American race with a $12 million purse that held its first edition in 2017. The Dubai World Cup is once again the world's richest horse race. The Pegasus World Cup had its purse reduced in 2019 to make room for a new turf race.[89] Other races include the Dubai Kahayla Classic with a purse of US$250,000. The Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, reportedly the world's largest race track, opened on March 27, 2010, for the Dubai World Cup race. The race track complex contains two tracks with seating for 60,000, a hotel, restaurants, theater and museum. There is no parimutuel betting in the UAE as gambling is illegal.[90] South AmericaArgentinaIn Argentina the sport is known as turf. Some of the most famous racers are Irineo Leguisamo, Vilmar Sanguinetti, Marina Lezcano, Jorge Valdivieso, Pablo Falero and Jorge Ricardo. Carlos Gardel's tango Por una cabeza is about horse racing, a sport of which he was a known fan. Gardel was a good friend of Irineo Leguisamo, who is the most recognized Uruguayan jockey, who raced numerous years in Argentine.[citation needed] BettingAt many horse races, there is a gambling station, where gamblers can stake money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited at some tracks; Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renowned TD Bank Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to a 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, most tracks offer parimutuel betting where gamblers' money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction is made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, an alternative and more popular facility is provided by bookmakers who effectively make a market in odds. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' odds on a horse at a particular time (known as 'taking the price' in the UK). Parimutuel gambling on races also provides not only purse money to participants but considerable tax revenue, with over $100 billion wagered annually in 53 countries.[91] DangersAnna Waller, a member of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of North Carolina, co-authored a four-year-long study of jockey injuries and stated to The New York Times that "For every 1,000 jockeys you have riding [for one year], over 600 will have medically treated injuries." She added that almost 20% of these were serious head or neck injuries. The study reported 6,545 injuries during the years 1993–1996.[92][93] More than 100 jockeys were killed in the United States between 1950 and 1987.[94] Horses also face dangers in racing. 1.5 horses die out of every 1,000 starts in the United States. The U.S. Jockey Club in New York estimates that about 600 horses died at racetracks in 2006. Another estimates there are 1,000 deaths annual in the US.[95] The Jockey Club in Hong Kong reported a far lower figure of 0.58 horses per 1,000 starts. There is speculation that drugs used in horse racing in the United States, which are banned elsewhere, are responsible for the higher death rate in the United States.[96] In the Canadian province of Ontario, a study of 1,709 racehorse deaths between 2003 and 2015 found that the majority of deaths were attributable to "damage during exercise to the horses' musculoskeletal system", including fractures, dislocations, and tendon ruptures.[97] Mortality rates were eight times higher for thoroughbreds than standardbreds, and highest amongst young horses. The study also found that the incidence of off-track deaths was twice as high for thoroughbreds. In the United Kingdom, 186 horses were killed as a direct result of racing in 2019. Of these 145 died in National Hunt (jump) racing and 41 in flat racing.[98] A report published in 2005 estimated that "around 375 horses who are entered into races each season die from their injuries, or they are killed because they are considered of no further commercial value, even though they are young enough to continue racing." It added, "Reasons for horses being destroyed include broken legs, back, neck and pelvis; fatal spinal injuries, exhaustion, heart attack, and burst blood vessels in the lungs."[99] See alsoiconHorses portalSports portalAustralian and New Zealand punting glossaryCommercial animal cloningFully automatic timeGlossary of North American horse racingGoing (horse racing)Horse lengthHorse racing equipmentJockey ChallengeList of horse racing tracksList of jockeysMatch race

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