Description: The history of Poland describes a constant struggle between Germanic and Slavic powers, political ups and downs, European dominance in 15th century and erasing Poland from the map in 19th century. Poland history tells about multi-cultural politics, tolerance to variety of nationalities and religions, but also about a fight for survival of Polish own culture and language, battles fought all around the world in major wars, the first falling domino pieces destroying communism and Soviet Union, Solidarity, Lech Walesa and the pope John Paul II. Poland reached 21st century as an independent state as member of NATO and as a member of the European Union.Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795) in the final decades of existence, the period, during which the declining state pursued wide-ranging reforms and was subjected to three partitions by the neighboring powers, coincides with the election and reign of the federation's with the last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski.The most-used currency in the Commonwealth was the grosz of various denominations: the póltorak, the dwojak, the trojak, the czworak, the szóstak and the ort (18 grosz). Amongst other minted coins, there were shillings, denars, thalers, gold ducats and portugalesers (10 ducat coins), however, the main currency in the Commonwealth was the zloty. Basically, the Commonwealth used a threefold monetary system which was popular in Europe at that time. It consisted of the zloty, the grosz and the denar. Coins were minted both in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For a long time, Vilnius Mint operated alongside other mints in Poland (in Kraków, Malbork, Lublin, Poznań, etc.) and minted coins of various denominations. Throughout the entire period of the Commonwealth, the grosz was the most important monetary unit. As inflation increased, from the mid-17th century onwards, the smaller denominations of the grosz ceased to be minted, and the grosz was eventually transformed into a small coin. After the groszy had completely depreciated in the middle of the 18th century, Augustus III began to mint them in copper. (grosz 3,9 g, minted from 1752 to 1795).Stanisław II August (born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski 1732 – 1798), was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, and the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.OBVERSE: The date is divided by the initials of the King Stanisław August with a Crown above.Lettering: 17 SAR 66Translation: Roy Stanislav August REVERSE: Crowned 4-fold oval arms within sprigs of Stanisław August Poniatowski a bull calf, an Order of white Eagle, and the Lithvanian Pahonia, mounted armoured knight holding a sword and shield, known as Vytis, olive branches arround, inscription and mintmaster's initials. Lettering: E.B. I • GROSSUS • REG POL M D LLatin: I grossus Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus LithuaniaeTranslation: Efraim Brenn - I - The Grand Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaDesigner: Efraim Brenn EDGE: SmoothMintmaster mark: "E.B." - Efraim Brenn - Mint-master at Warsaw, 1774-1792. The currency issued under him bears his initials E. B.Mint: Krakow mint Poland Mintage in 1766 g 12,172,000Country Poland Issuer Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth King Stanisław II Augustus (1764-1795)Type Standard circulation coinYears 1765-1795Value 1 GroszCurrency First Zloty (1573-1795)Composition CopperWeight 3.443 gDiameter 21 mmThickness 0.8 mmShape RoundOrientation Medal alignment ↑↑Demonetized YesReferences Kopicki 2217 1787 EB GROSSUS, KM# 177, Fischer Po# SAP003
Price: 77.34 AUD
Location: STRATHPINE
End Time: 2025-01-12T02:02:23.000Z
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Region of Origin: Europe
